# Copyright (c) Sebastian Raschka under Apache License 2.0 (see LICENSE.txt).
# Source for "Build a Large Language Model From Scratch"
#   - https://www.manning.com/books/build-a-large-language-model-from-scratch
# Code: https://github.com/rasbt/LLMs-from-scratch

import argparse
import os
from pathlib import Path
import time
import urllib
import zipfile

import pandas as pd
import torch
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torch.utils.data import Dataset

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification


class SpamDataset(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, csv_file, tokenizer, max_length=None, pad_token_id=50256, no_padding=False):
        self.data = pd.read_csv(csv_file)
        self.max_length = max_length if max_length is not None else self._longest_encoded_length(tokenizer)

        # Pre-tokenize texts
        self.encoded_texts = [
            tokenizer.encode(text)[:self.max_length]
            for text in self.data["Text"]
        ]

        if not no_padding:
            # Pad sequences to the longest sequence
            self.encoded_texts = [
                et + [pad_token_id] * (self.max_length - len(et))
                for et in self.encoded_texts
            ]

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        encoded = self.encoded_texts[index]
        label = self.data.iloc[index]["Label"]
        return torch.tensor(encoded, dtype=torch.long), torch.tensor(label, dtype=torch.long)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.data)

    def _longest_encoded_length(self, tokenizer):
        max_length = 0
        for text in self.data["Text"]:
            encoded_length = len(tokenizer.encode(text))
            if encoded_length > max_length:
                max_length = encoded_length
        return max_length
        # Note: A more pythonic version to implement this method
        # is the following, which is also used in the next chapter:
        # return max(len(encoded_text) for encoded_text in self.encoded_texts)


def download_and_unzip(url, zip_path, extract_to, new_file_path):
    if new_file_path.exists():
        print(f"{new_file_path} already exists. Skipping download and extraction.")
        return

    # Downloading the file
    with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response:
        with open(zip_path, "wb") as out_file:
            out_file.write(response.read())

    # Unzipping the file
    with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path, "r") as zip_ref:
        zip_ref.extractall(extract_to)

    # Renaming the file to indicate its format
    original_file = Path(extract_to) / "SMSSpamCollection"
    os.rename(original_file, new_file_path)
    print(f"File downloaded and saved as {new_file_path}")


def random_split(df, train_frac, validation_frac):
    # Shuffle the entire DataFrame
    df = df.sample(frac=1, random_state=123).reset_index(drop=True)

    # Calculate split indices
    train_end = int(len(df) * train_frac)
    validation_end = train_end + int(len(df) * validation_frac)

    # Split the DataFrame
    train_df = df[:train_end]
    validation_df = df[train_end:validation_end]
    test_df = df[validation_end:]

    return train_df, validation_df, test_df


def create_dataset_csvs(new_file_path):
    df = pd.read_csv(new_file_path, sep="\t", header=None, names=["Label", "Text"])

    # Create balanced dataset
    n_spam = df[df["Label"] == "spam"].shape[0]
    ham_sampled = df[df["Label"] == "ham"].sample(n_spam, random_state=123)
    balanced_df = pd.concat([ham_sampled, df[df["Label"] == "spam"]])
    balanced_df = balanced_df.sample(frac=1, random_state=123).reset_index(drop=True)
    balanced_df["Label"] = balanced_df["Label"].map({"ham": 0, "spam": 1})

    # Sample and save csv files
    train_df, validation_df, test_df = random_split(balanced_df, 0.7, 0.1)
    train_df.to_csv("train.csv", index=None)
    validation_df.to_csv("validation.csv", index=None)
    test_df.to_csv("test.csv", index=None)


class SPAMDataset(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, csv_file, tokenizer, max_length=None, pad_token_id=50256, use_attention_mask=False):
        self.data = pd.read_csv(csv_file)
        self.max_length = max_length if max_length is not None else self._longest_encoded_length(tokenizer)
        self.pad_token_id = pad_token_id
        self.use_attention_mask = use_attention_mask

        # Pre-tokenize texts and create attention masks if required
        self.encoded_texts = [
            tokenizer.encode(text, truncation=True, max_length=self.max_length)
            for text in self.data["Text"]
        ]
        self.encoded_texts = [
            et + [pad_token_id] * (self.max_length - len(et))
            for et in self.encoded_texts
        ]

        if self.use_attention_mask:
            self.attention_masks = [
                self._create_attention_mask(et)
                for et in self.encoded_texts
            ]
        else:
            self.attention_masks = None

    def _create_attention_mask(self, encoded_text):
        return [1 if token_id != self.pad_token_id else 0 for token_id in encoded_text]

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        encoded = self.encoded_texts[index]
        label = self.data.iloc[index]["Label"]

        if self.use_attention_mask:
            attention_mask = self.attention_masks[index]
        else:
            attention_mask = torch.ones(self.max_length, dtype=torch.long)

        return (
            torch.tensor(encoded, dtype=torch.long),
            torch.tensor(attention_mask, dtype=torch.long),
            torch.tensor(label, dtype=torch.long)
        )

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.data)

    def _longest_encoded_length(self, tokenizer):
        max_length = 0
        for text in self.data["Text"]:
            encoded_length = len(tokenizer.encode(text))
            if encoded_length > max_length:
                max_length = encoded_length
        return max_length


def calc_loss_batch(input_batch, attention_mask_batch, target_batch, model, device):
    attention_mask_batch = attention_mask_batch.to(device)
    input_batch, target_batch = input_batch.to(device), target_batch.to(device)
    # logits = model(input_batch)[:, -1, :]  # Logits of last output token
    logits = model(input_batch, attention_mask=attention_mask_batch).logits
    loss = torch.nn.functional.cross_entropy(logits, target_batch)
    return loss


# Same as in chapter 5
def calc_loss_loader(data_loader, model, device, num_batches=None):
    total_loss = 0.
    if num_batches is None:
        num_batches = len(data_loader)
    else:
        # Reduce the number of batches to match the total number of batches in the data loader
        # if num_batches exceeds the number of batches in the data loader
        num_batches = min(num_batches, len(data_loader))
    for i, (input_batch, attention_mask_batch, target_batch) in enumerate(data_loader):
        if i < num_batches:
            loss = calc_loss_batch(input_batch, attention_mask_batch, target_batch, model, device)
            total_loss += loss.item()
        else:
            break
    return total_loss / num_batches


@torch.no_grad()  # Disable gradient tracking for efficiency
def calc_accuracy_loader(data_loader, model, device, num_batches=None):
    model.eval()
    correct_predictions, num_examples = 0, 0

    if num_batches is None:
        num_batches = len(data_loader)
    else:
        num_batches = min(num_batches, len(data_loader))
    for i, (input_batch, attention_mask_batch, target_batch) in enumerate(data_loader):
        if i < num_batches:
            attention_mask_batch = attention_mask_batch.to(device)
            input_batch, target_batch = input_batch.to(device), target_batch.to(device)
            # logits = model(input_batch)[:, -1, :]  # Logits of last output token
            logits = model(input_batch, attention_mask=attention_mask_batch).logits
            predicted_labels = torch.argmax(logits, dim=1)
            num_examples += predicted_labels.shape[0]
            correct_predictions += (predicted_labels == target_batch).sum().item()
        else:
            break
    return correct_predictions / num_examples


def evaluate_model(model, train_loader, val_loader, device, eval_iter):
    model.eval()
    with torch.no_grad():
        train_loss = calc_loss_loader(train_loader, model, device, num_batches=eval_iter)
        val_loss = calc_loss_loader(val_loader, model, device, num_batches=eval_iter)
    model.train()
    return train_loss, val_loss


def train_classifier_simple(model, train_loader, val_loader, optimizer, device, num_epochs,
                            eval_freq, eval_iter, max_steps=None):
    # Initialize lists to track losses and tokens seen
    train_losses, val_losses, train_accs, val_accs = [], [], [], []
    examples_seen, global_step = 0, -1

    # Main training loop
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        model.train()  # Set model to training mode

        for input_batch, attention_mask_batch, target_batch in train_loader:
            optimizer.zero_grad()  # Reset loss gradients from previous batch iteration
            loss = calc_loss_batch(input_batch, attention_mask_batch, target_batch, model, device)
            loss.backward()  # Calculate loss gradients
            optimizer.step()  # Update model weights using loss gradients
            examples_seen += input_batch.shape[0]  # New: track examples instead of tokens
            global_step += 1

            # Optional evaluation step
            if global_step % eval_freq == 0:
                train_loss, val_loss = evaluate_model(
                    model, train_loader, val_loader, device, eval_iter)
                train_losses.append(train_loss)
                val_losses.append(val_loss)
                print(f"Ep {epoch+1} (Step {global_step:06d}): "
                      f"Train loss {train_loss:.3f}, Val loss {val_loss:.3f}")

            if max_steps is not None and global_step > max_steps:
                break

        # New: Calculate accuracy after each epoch
        train_accuracy = calc_accuracy_loader(train_loader, model, device, num_batches=eval_iter)
        val_accuracy = calc_accuracy_loader(val_loader, model, device, num_batches=eval_iter)
        print(f"Training accuracy: {train_accuracy*100:.2f}% | ", end="")
        print(f"Validation accuracy: {val_accuracy*100:.2f}%")
        train_accs.append(train_accuracy)
        val_accs.append(val_accuracy)

        if max_steps is not None and global_step > max_steps:
            break

    return train_losses, val_losses, train_accs, val_accs, examples_seen


if __name__ == "__main__":

    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument(
        "--trainable_layers",
        type=str,
        default="all",
        help=(
            "Which layers to train. Options: 'all', 'last_block', 'last_layer'."
        )
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--use_attention_mask",
        type=str,
        default="true",
        help=(
            "Whether to use a attention mask for padding tokens. Options: 'true', 'false'."
        )
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--model",
        type=str,
        default="distilbert",
        help=(
            "Which model to train. Options: 'distilbert', 'bert', 'roberta'."
        )
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--num_epochs",
        type=int,
        default=1,
        help=(
            "Number of epochs."
        )
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--learning_rate",
        type=float,
        default=5e-6,
        help=(
            "Learning rate."
        )
    )
    args = parser.parse_args()

    ###############################
    # Load model
    ###############################

    torch.manual_seed(123)
    if args.model == "distilbert":

        model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
            "distilbert-base-uncased", num_labels=2
        )
        model.out_head = torch.nn.Linear(in_features=768, out_features=2)
        for param in model.parameters():
            param.requires_grad = False
        if args.trainable_layers == "last_layer":
            for param in model.out_head.parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
        elif args.trainable_layers == "last_block":
            for param in model.pre_classifier.parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
            for param in model.distilbert.transformer.layer[-1].parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
        elif args.trainable_layers == "all":
            for param in model.parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
        else:
            raise ValueError("Invalid --trainable_layers argument.")

        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-uncased")

    elif args.model == "bert":

        model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
            "bert-base-uncased", num_labels=2
        )
        model.classifier = torch.nn.Linear(in_features=768, out_features=2)
        for param in model.parameters():
            param.requires_grad = False
        if args.trainable_layers == "last_layer":
            for param in model.classifier.parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
        elif args.trainable_layers == "last_block":
            for param in model.classifier.parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
            for param in model.bert.pooler.dense.parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
            for param in model.bert.encoder.layer[-1].parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
        elif args.trainable_layers == "all":
            for param in model.parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
        else:
            raise ValueError("Invalid --trainable_layers argument.")

        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
    elif args.model == "roberta":

        model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
            "FacebookAI/roberta-large", num_labels=2
        )
        model.classifier.out_proj = torch.nn.Linear(in_features=1024, out_features=2)
        for param in model.parameters():
            param.requires_grad = False
        if args.trainable_layers == "last_layer":
            for param in model.classifier.parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
        elif args.trainable_layers == "last_block":
            for param in model.classifier.parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
            for param in model.roberta.encoder.layer[-1].parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
        elif args.trainable_layers == "all":
            for param in model.parameters():
                param.requires_grad = True
        else:
            raise ValueError("Invalid --trainable_layers argument.")

        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("FacebookAI/roberta-large")
    else:
        raise ValueError("Selected --model {args.model} not supported.")

    device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
    model.to(device)
    model.eval()

    ###############################
    # Instantiate dataloaders
    ###############################

    url = "https://archive.ics.uci.edu/static/public/228/sms+spam+collection.zip"
    zip_path = "sms_spam_collection.zip"
    extract_to = "sms_spam_collection"
    new_file_path = Path(extract_to) / "SMSSpamCollection.tsv"

    base_path = Path(".")
    file_names = ["train.csv", "validation.csv", "test.csv"]
    all_exist = all((base_path / file_name).exists() for file_name in file_names)

    if not all_exist:
        try:
            download_and_unzip(url, zip_path, extract_to, new_file_path)
        except (urllib.error.HTTPError, urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError) as e:
            print(f"Primary URL failed: {e}. Trying backup URL...")
            backup_url = "https://f001.backblazeb2.com/file/LLMs-from-scratch/sms%2Bspam%2Bcollection.zip"
            download_and_unzip(backup_url, zip_path, extract_to, new_file_path)
        create_dataset_csvs(new_file_path)

    if args.use_attention_mask.lower() == "true":
        use_attention_mask = True
    elif args.use_attention_mask.lower() == "false":
        use_attention_mask = False
    else:
        raise ValueError("Invalid argument for `use_attention_mask`.")

    train_dataset = SPAMDataset(
        base_path / "train.csv",
        max_length=256,
        tokenizer=tokenizer,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.pad_token_id,
        use_attention_mask=use_attention_mask
    )
    val_dataset = SPAMDataset(
        base_path / "validation.csv",
        max_length=256,
        tokenizer=tokenizer,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.pad_token_id,
        use_attention_mask=use_attention_mask
    )
    test_dataset = SPAMDataset(
        base_path / "test.csv",
        max_length=256,
        tokenizer=tokenizer,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.pad_token_id,
        use_attention_mask=use_attention_mask
    )

    num_workers = 0
    batch_size = 8

    train_loader = DataLoader(
        dataset=train_dataset,
        batch_size=batch_size,
        shuffle=True,
        num_workers=num_workers,
        drop_last=True,
    )

    val_loader = DataLoader(
        dataset=val_dataset,
        batch_size=batch_size,
        num_workers=num_workers,
        drop_last=False,
    )

    test_loader = DataLoader(
        dataset=test_dataset,
        batch_size=batch_size,
        num_workers=num_workers,
        drop_last=False,
    )

    ###############################
    # Train model
    ###############################

    start_time = time.time()
    torch.manual_seed(123)
    optimizer = torch.optim.AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=args.learning_rate, weight_decay=0.1)

    train_losses, val_losses, train_accs, val_accs, examples_seen = train_classifier_simple(
        model, train_loader, val_loader, optimizer, device,
        num_epochs=args.num_epochs, eval_freq=50, eval_iter=20,
        max_steps=None
    )

    end_time = time.time()
    execution_time_minutes = (end_time - start_time) / 60
    print(f"Training completed in {execution_time_minutes:.2f} minutes.")

    ###############################
    # Evaluate model
    ###############################

    print("\nEvaluating on the full datasets ...\n")

    train_accuracy = calc_accuracy_loader(train_loader, model, device)
    val_accuracy = calc_accuracy_loader(val_loader, model, device)
    test_accuracy = calc_accuracy_loader(test_loader, model, device)

    print(f"Training accuracy: {train_accuracy*100:.2f}%")
    print(f"Validation accuracy: {val_accuracy*100:.2f}%")
    print(f"Test accuracy: {test_accuracy*100:.2f}%")
